In Europe, the Argus II, as well as the Alpha IMS (Retinal Implant AG), a light-sensitive subretinal implant, have received the CE mark. The Argus II epiretinal prosthesis (Second Sight Medical Products) is currently the only retinal prosthesis approved by the Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada. Retinal implants can be classified according to their location as epiretinal (tacked to the retinal surface) or subretinal (between photoreceptors and RPE). 2,3 These first steps laid the foundation for modern artificial retinal implants that are restoring patients’ vision today. 1 Years later, in 1956, Graham Tassicker implanted a light sensitive selenium cell behind the retina of a blind patient, transiently restoring the patient’s ability to perceive light.
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The journey of artificial restoration of vision began in 1929 when Otfrid Foerster reported that electrical stimulation of the occipital cortex caused a subject to see a phosphene (a spot of light produced by direct stimulation of the visual system). Hahn is assistant professor of ophthalmology for vitreoretinal surgery and diseases at Duke University Eye Center.
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Pings Chair in Biomedical Sciences professor of ophthalmology, biomedical engineering, and cell and neurobiology director, Institute for Biomedical Therapeutics and co-director, University of Southern California Eye Institute, Los Angeles.ĭr. Maldonado is a resident at Duke University Eye Center, Durham, N.C.ĭr.